International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 23(1), 7-12, 1985
Sonographic criteria of phasic changes in human endometrial tissue
Sonographic criteria of endometrial tissue were obtained following serial observations in normally ovulating women, and a prospective identification of a specific phase was made in those with regular menstrual cycles. This may be the first report of endometrial tissue characterization. Clinical management of infertility and monitoring of follicular growth will thus be facilitated.
PMID 2860037 2860037 DOI 10.1016/0020-7292(85)90003-7 10.1016/0020-7292(85)90003-7
Cite this article
Sakamoto, C. (1985). Sonographic criteria of phasic changes in human endometrial tissue. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 23(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(85)90003-7
Sakamoto C. Sonographic criteria of phasic changes in human endometrial tissue. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1985;23(1):7-12. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(85)90003-7
Sakamoto, C. "Sonographic criteria of phasic changes in human endometrial tissue." International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, vol. 23, no. 1, 1985, pp. 7-12.
To study the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the endometrium by ultrasound and to reveal the echogenic difference between the control cycle and the CC cycle. Retrospective study of patients before and during a CC treatment. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan. PATIENT(S): Seventy-nine infertile women who had a spontaneous ovulation and a normal luteal function. INTERVENTION(S): Patients received 50 mg/d CC between days 5 and 9 of the menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Endometrial thickness, echogenic pattern of the endometrium, serum E2 content, and E2 and P receptor contents in the endometrium. RESULT(S): Endometrial thickness was significantly thinner during the CC cycle (7.6 +/- 1.4 mm, mean +/- SD, n = 79) than during the control cycle (8.5 +/- 1.7 mm, n = 79) on late proliferative days, but there was no significant difference on midsecretory days (10.8 +/- 2.2 mm during the CC cycle, n = 79; 11.2 +/- 2.2 mm during the control cycle, n = 79). The echogenic patterns, however, were different between the two cycles on midsecretory days. Moreover, the incidence in which patients showed a grade 3 endometrium on midsecretory days was significantly higher during the conceived CC cycle compared with the not-conceived CC cycle. Serum E2 levels were significantly higher, but E2 receptor contents in the endometrium were significantly lower during the CC cycle (67 +/- 46 fmol/mg, n = 13) compared with the control cycle (123 +/- 89 fmol/mg, n = 15) on late proliferative days. CONCLUSION(S): Clomiphene citrate affected the echogenic pattern of the endometrium, and most of the endometrium showed a grade 3 pattern on midsecretory days during the conceived CC cycle. Under the CC treatment, the comfortable endometrium for embryos might be different from the control cycle.
To assess the deleterious effect of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the development of the endometrium and its improvement by the addition of ethinyl estradiol (E2). Infertility-treated patients, monitored for induction of ovulation or timing of insemination (control group). We studied four groups of women during an ovulatory cycle with various treatment schedules. Group 1: untreated patients; group 2: patients treated by CC; group 3: patients treated by CC + ethinyl E2; group 4: patients treated by human menopausal gonadotropin. Follow-up of the patients was done by vaginal ultrasonography and measurements of blood E2. In the group treated by CC, both endometrial thickness and uterine volume growth during the follicular phase were lower as compared with untreated controls and menotropin-treated patients. The addition of ethinyl E2 to these patients reversed this deleterious effect of CC without interfering with ovulation. Ethinyl E2 may reverse the deleterious effect of CC on endometrial development during the follicular phase.
General OB/GYNMedical TraumaAdverse EventsCross-Sectional Studies
The aim of the present study was three-fold. One, to assess the prevalence of medical traumatization in outpatients of a gynecologic department; two, to analyze the relationship of medical traumatization with adverse childhood events; and three, to investigate the extent to which medical traumatization affects the health outcomes of woman. Between January and September 2022, a prospective cross-sectional study recruited patients of a gynecologic outpatient clinic at St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital in Switzerland. Medical trauma was a self-reported item. The presence of adverse childhood events was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of post-traumatic stress was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale Revised questionnaire. In total, 227 patients were recruited. Medical trauma was reported by 20% of the interviewees and it was strongly associated with obesity (A = 0.005). Undergoing surgery was most commonly the source of psychological distress (5.7%) followed by delivery (4.8%), pregnancy loss (4.8%), and cancer diagnosis (4.0%). Yet, fewer than 1% of the patients reached the threshold suggesting post-traumatic stress disorder. We found no relationship between the medical trauma, adverse childhood events, cardiovascular disease, or substance abuse. The presence of medical trauma was associated with the patient's body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters).
To assess risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic using Mind-COVID, a prospective cross-sectional study that compares outcomes in middle-income economies and high-income economies. A total of 7102 pregnant women from 12 high-income economies and nine middle-income economies were included. The web-based survey used two standardized instruments, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Pregnant women in high-income economies reported higher PHQ-9 (0.18 standard deviation [SD], P < 0.001) and GAD-7 (0.08 SD, P = 0.005) scores than those living in middle-income economies. Multivariate regression analysis showed that increasing PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales were associated with mental health problems during pregnancy and the need for psychiatric treatment before pregnancy. PHQ-9 was associated with a feeling of burden related to restrictions in social distancing, and access to leisure activities. GAD-7 scores were associated with a pregnancy-related complication, fear of adverse outcomes in children related to COVID-19, and feeling of burden related to finances. According to this study, the imposed public health measures and hospital restrictions have left pregnant women more vulnerable during these difficult times. Adequate partner and family support during pregnancy and childbirth can be one of the most important protective factors against anxiety and depression, regardless of national economic status.