Current developments in nutrition, 3, nzz039.OR17-04-19, 2019
Caffeinated beverage intake and serum caffeine metabolites and risk of pregnancy loss
Alexandra Purdue-Smithe, Purdue‐Smithe A , Keewan Kim
James L Mills, Victoria C. Andriessen, Zeina Alkhalaf, Sunni L Mumford, Neil J Perkins, Jeannie G. Radoc , Enrique F Schisterman, Karen C Schliep, Robert M Silver, Lindsey A Sjaarda
Author affiliations (4)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentROR
The association between caffeine and pregnancy loss remains controversial due to limitations of prior studies such as relying on self-reported intake only, exposure measurement after clinical confirmation of pregnancy, and potential time-varying confounding by nausea/vomiting and lifestyle factors, which may be affected by prior caffeine exposure. Thus, our aim was to evaluate associations of preconception and early pregnancy serum caffeine, paraxanthine, and theobromine, self-reported intake of caffeinated beverages, and risk of pregnancy loss among 1228 reproductive-age women attempting pregnancy in the EAGeR trial during 2007–2011.
Methods
We estimated HRs and 95% CIs for any pregnancy loss, hCG loss (prior to ultrasound confirmation), and clinical loss (after ultrasound confirmation) according to caffeinated beverage intake and caffeine biomarkers measured at preconception and the 8(th) week of gestation using weighted adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
At preconception, 67%, 28%, and 9% of women reported any intake of caffeinated sodas, coffee, and tea, respectively. Preconception total caffeinated beverage intake of ≥3 vs. 0 cups/day was associated with 85% (95% CI: 1.18, 2.94) higher risk of any pregnancy loss, driven primarily by associations for hCG loss (HR: 2.88 (95% CI: 1.20, 6.91)). Caffeinated soda intake was associated with hCG loss (≥2 vs. 0.2 vs. ≤0.2 ng/mL) at preconception was strongly associated with hCG loss (HR: 4.51 (95% CI: 1.36, 14.91)). Serum caffeine, paraxanthine, and theobromine measured at the 8th week of gestation were not associated with risk of loss.
Conclusions
Collectively, these data suggest that caffeine intake prior to pregnancy may increase risk of pregnancy loss, particularly in early gestation. Funding Sources: Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
caffeine intake pregnancy loss preconception early pregnancy risk, caffeinated beverage consumption miscarriage hCG loss clinical loss, serum caffeine metabolites paraxanthine theobromine pregnancy loss, EAGeR trial caffeine preconception pregnancy loss biomarkers, caffeinated soda coffee tea miscarriage risk prospective study, preconception caffeine exposure early pregnancy loss hCG, Mumford caffeine pregnancy loss reproductive age women, caffeine biomarkers paraxanthine pregnancy loss Cox proportional hazards, caffeinated beverage intake subclinical pregnancy loss mechanism, time-varying confounding caffeine nausea pregnancy loss analysis
DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.203 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.203
Cite this article
Purdue-Smithe, A., Kim, K., Schisterman, E., Schliep, K., Perkins, N., Sjaarda, L., Mills, J., Silver, R., Andriessen, V., Alkhalaf, Z., Radoc, J., & Mumford, S. (2019). Caffeinated Beverage Intake and Serum Caffeine Metabolites and Risk of Pregnancy Loss (OR17-04-19). Current developments in nutrition, 3, nzz039.OR17-04-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz039.or17-04-19
Purdue-Smithe A, Kim K, Schisterman E, Schliep K, Perkins N, Sjaarda L, et al. Caffeinated Beverage Intake and Serum Caffeine Metabolites and Risk of Pregnancy Loss (OR17-04-19). Current Developments in Nutrition. 2019;3:nzz039.OR17-04-19. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz039.or17-04-19
Purdue-Smithe, A., et al. "Caffeinated Beverage Intake and Serum Caffeine Metabolites and Risk of Pregnancy Loss (OR17-04-19)." Current developments in nutrition, vol. 3, 2019, pp. nzz039.OR17-04-19.
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Open Access
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